amakuru

Genda ibirometero 50 uvuye i Shenzhen Huaqiang y'Amajyaruguru ugana mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, uzagera i Shajing.Uyu mujyi muto (ubu witwa Umuhanda), wari usanzwe uzwi cyane kubera amashu meza, ni agace k’ibanze ku bicuruzwa bikoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ku rwego mpuzamahanga.Mu myaka 30 ishize, uhereye kumikino yimikino ukageza kubasomyi, kuva kuri paje kugeza kuri USB flash ya USB, kuva kumasaha ya terefone kugeza kuri terefone zifite ubwenge, ibicuruzwa byose bya elegitoroniki bizwi cyane byaturutse hano kugera Huaqiangbei, hanyuma bigera mugihugu cyose ndetse no kwisi.Inyuma y'umugani wa Huaqiangbei ni Shajing n'imijyi imwe n'imwe ikikije.Inkomoko yubutunzi bwinganda za elegitoroniki zUbushinwa zihishe muri ibyo bimera byinganda.

Umucanga uheruka amateka yubutunzi azenguruka e-itabi.Kugeza ubu, ibice birenga 95% by’ibicuruzwa by’itabi ku isi biva mu Bushinwa, naho 70% by’ibicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa biva i Shajing.Ibigo amajana n'amajana bifitanye isano na e-itabi byateraniye muri uyu mujyi wumuhanda wo mumujyi, ufite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 36 kandi utuwe nabaturage bagera ku 900000 kandi wuzuyemo inganda zingero zose.Mu myaka 20 ishize, ubwoko bwose bwimari bwagiye bushakisha ubutunzi, kandi imigani yagiye ahagaragara.Ikimenyetso cyurutonde rwa Smallworld (06969.hk) muri 2020 na rlx.us muri 2021, umurwa mukuru Carnival wageze ku rwego rwo hejuru.

Icyakora, guhera ku itangazwa ritunguranye rya "e-itabi rizashyirwa muri monopole" muri Werurwe 2021, muri Werurwe uyu mwaka, "ingamba zo gucunga e-itabi" zatanzwe muri Werurwe uyu mwaka, maze hasohoka "urwego rw'igihugu kuri e-itabi". muri Mata.Urukurikirane rwamakuru makuru aturutse kuruhande rwubuyobozi rwazanye karnivali kurangira gitunguranye.Ibiciro byimigabane byibigo byombi byashyizwe ku rutonde byagabanutse inzira zose, kandi kuri ubu ntibiri munsi ya 1/4 cyimpera.

Politiki ibishinzwe izashyirwa mu bikorwa ku mugaragaro guhera ku ya 1 Ukwakira uyu mwaka.Muri icyo gihe, Ubushinwa bukoresha e-itabi buzasezera rwose ku bwiyongere bukabije bw’agace k’imvi kandi bwinjire mu bihe bishya byo kugenzura itabi.Guhura nigihe ntarengwa cyegereje, abantu bamwe bategerezanyije amatsiko, bamwe basohoka, bamwe bahindura inzira, abandi "bongera imyanya yabo" barwanya icyerekezo.Guverinoma y’akarere ka Shenzhen Bao'an y’umuhanda wa Shajing yatanze igisubizo cyiza, asakuza avuga ati:

Inganda zigenda zivuka ku isi zavutse kandi zikurira mu gace ka Bay Bay ya Guangdong, Hong Kong na Macao zirimo gutangiza impinduka zikomeye zitigeze zibaho mbere.

Guhera kumusenyi neza, wubake miliyari 100 zurwego rwinganda

Umuhanda wo hagati wa Shajing wigeze kwitwa "Umuhanda w'itabi rya elegitoroniki".Muri uyu muhanda ufite uburebure bwa kilometero 5.5 gusa, ibikoresho byose bikenerwa mu itabi rya elegitoronike birashobora kuba byoroshye.Ariko kugenda muriyi barabara, biragoye kubona isano iri hagati yayo na e-itabi.Ibigo bifitanye isano na e-itabi byihishe hagati yinganda ninyubako zo mubiro bikunze kumanika ibyapa nka "Electronics", "ikoranabuhanga" n "" ubucuruzi ", kandi ibicuruzwa byabo byinshi byoherezwa mumahanga.

Mu 2003, Han Li, umufarumasiye w’Ubushinwa, yahimbye itabi rya mbere rya elegitoronike mu buryo bugezweho.Nyuma, Han Li yise “Ruyan”.Mu 2004, “Ruyan” yakozwe ku mugaragaro kandi igurishwa ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu.Mu 2005, yatangiye koherezwa mu mahanga kandi ikundwa cyane mu Burayi, Amerika, Ubuyapani n'andi masoko.

Nkumujyi ukomeye winganda wazamutse mu myaka ya za 1980, Shajing yatangiye gusezerana gukora itabi rya elegitoroniki hashize imyaka 20.Hamwe nibyiza byuruganda rwubucuruzi rwa elegitoroniki n’ububanyi n’amahanga, Shajing n’akarere ka Bao'an gahoro gahoro byahindutse umwanya w’inganda z’itabi rya elegitoroniki.Nyuma y’ihungabana ry’imari ku isi mu 2008, bimwe mu bicuruzwa bya e-itabi byatangiye gushyira ingufu ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu.

Mu mwaka wa 2012, amasosiyete akomeye y’itabi y’amahanga nka Philip Morris International, Lorillard na Renault yatangiye guteza imbere ibicuruzwa by’itabi hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga.Muri Kanama 2013, ubucuruzi bwa e-itabi “Ruyan” n'uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge byaguzwe na Imperial Tobacco.

Kuva yavuka, e-itabi ryiyongera cyane.Dukurikije imibare yatanzwe na komite y’umwuga ya e-itabi y’Urugaga rw’Ubucuruzi rwa elegitoroniki rw’Ubushinwa, isoko rya e-itabi ku isi ryageze kuri miliyari 80 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu 2021, umwaka ushize wiyongeraho 120%.Muri icyo gihe kandi, Ubushinwa bwohereza mu mahanga e-itabi bwageze kuri miliyari 138.3, byiyongereyeho 180% umwaka ushize.

Chen Ping, wavutse nyuma ya 1985, asanzwe ari "umusaza" mu bucuruzi bw'itabi rya elegitoroniki.Mu mwaka wa 2008, yashinze Shenzhen huachengda Precision Industry Co., Ltd., ikora cyane cyane mu nganda zikoresha imiti y’umwotsi, i Shajing, ubu ikaba ifite kimwe cya kabiri cy’isoko ryose.Yatangarije imari ya mbere ko impamvu ituma inganda za e-itabi zishobora gushinga imizi no gutera imbere muri Bao'an ntaho zitandukaniye na sisitemu yo mu rwego rwa elegitoroniki ikuze ikuze ndetse n'abakozi b'inararibonye muri Bao'an.Mubidukikije bihanganye cyane kwihangira imirimo, abantu ba elegitoroniki ya Bao'an batezimbere imbaraga zo guhanga udushya hamwe nubushobozi bwihuse bwo gusubiza.Igihe cyose ibicuruzwa bishya byatejwe imbere, inganda zo murwego rwo hejuru no munsi yinganda zishobora kubyara umusaruro byihuse.Fata itabi urugero, "wenda iminsi itatu irahagije."Chen Ping yavuze ko ibi bidashoboka ahandi hantu.

Wang Zhen, umuyobozi wungirije w'ikigo gishinzwe igenamigambi ry’iterambere ry’akarere mu Bushinwa (Shenzhen) Ishuri Rikuru ry’iterambere ryuzuye, yavuze mu ncamake impamvu ziteranya n’iterambere ry’inganda za e-itabi muri Bao'an ku buryo bukurikira: icya mbere, inyungu zashyizweho hakiri kare isoko mpuzamahanga.Bitewe n’igiciro kiri hejuru y’itabi mu mahanga, inyungu igereranya ya e-itabi iragaragara cyane, kandi isoko ryo gusaba isoko rirakomeye.Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’inganda za e-itabi, zatewe n’isoko mpuzamahanga ry’Amerika, Ubuyapani na Koreya yepfo, inganda zitunganya n’ubucuruzi mu Karere ka Bao'an, zihagarariwe n’inganda zita cyane ku mirimo, zafashe iyambere mu bikorwa. urujya n'uruza rw'amasoko mpuzamahanga ku isoko, byatumye habaho kwiyongera no kwaguka kwinshi mu nganda e-itabi mu Karere ka Bao'an.

Icya kabiri, ibyiza byangiza ibidukikije byinganda.Ibikoresho n'ibikoresho bikenerwa mu gukora itabi rya elegitoronike murashobora kubisanga muri Bao'an byoroshye, bigabanya igiciro cyo gushakisha ibigo, nka bateri ya lithium, ibyuma bigenzura, ibyuma byerekana ibyuma bya LED.

Icya gatatu, ibyiza byubucuruzi bwuguruye kandi bushya.E-itabi ni ubwoko bushya bwibicuruzwa.Mu myaka yashize, guverinoma y’akarere ka Bao'an yashyigikiye byimazeyo iterambere ry’inganda zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya atomisation zihagarariwe na e-itabi, bituma habaho udushya twiza mu nganda n’ubucuruzi.

Kugeza ubu, Akarere ka Baoan gafite ikoranabuhanga ryoroheje, uruganda rukora e-itabi nini ku isi ndetse n’uruganda runini rwa e-itabi.Byongeye kandi, ibigo bikomeye bijyanye na e-itabi, nka bateri, ibyuma, ibikoresho byo gupakira no gupima, na byo ahanini bifata Bao'an nkibanze, kandi bikwirakwizwa mu turere twa Shenzhen, Dongguan, Zhongshan no mu tundi turere twa Pearl River Delta.Ibi bituma Bao'an inganda za e-itabi ku isi yose hamwe nu ruganda rwuzuye, ikoranabuhanga ryibanze nijwi ryinganda.

Dukurikije imibare yemewe y’akarere ka Bao'an, mu 2021 hari imishinga 55 ya e-itabi hejuru y’ubunini bwagenwe muri ako karere, ifite agaciro ka miliyari 35,6.Uyu mwaka, umubare w’ibigo biri hejuru yubunini wagenwe wiyongereye kugera kuri 77, kandi umusaruro uteganijwe kwiyongera.

Lu Jixian, umuyobozi w'ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ishoramari mu Karere ka Bao'an, yagize ati: cluster mu myaka ibiri cyangwa itatu iri imbere. ”

Ku ya 20 Werurwe uyu mwaka, Akarere ka Bao'an kasohoye ingamba nyinshi mu guteza imbere ubuziranenge bw’inganda zikora inganda n’inganda zigezweho, aho ingingo ya 8 yasabye gushishikariza no gutera inkunga inganda “ibikoresho bishya bya elegitoroniki”, ari yo ubwambere ko inganda za atomisiyonike zanditse mu nyandiko zunganira inganda z'inzego z'ibanze.

Emera amabwiriza kandi utangire inzira yubuziranenge mu makimbirane

Itabi rya e-gasegereti rirashobora gutera imbere byihuse, kandi "kugabanya ingaruka" no "gufasha kureka itabi" nimpamvu zingenzi kubaterankunga babo kuzamura cyane kandi byemewe nabaguzi.Nubwo, uko byamenyekana gute, ntidushobora guhakana ko ihame ryibikorwa bikiri uko nikotine itera ubwonko gukora dopamine nyinshi kugirango izane umunezero - ibi ntaho bitandukaniye nitabi gakondo, ariko bigabanya guhumeka ibintu byangiza biterwa na gutwikwa.Hamwe no gushidikanya kubyerekeye inyongeramusaruro zitandukanye mu mavuta y itabi, e-itabi ryaherekejwe n’amakimbirane akomeye y’ubuvuzi n’imyitwarire kuva yatangira.

Ariko, aya makimbirane ntiyahagaritse ikwirakwizwa rya e-itabi ku isi.Amabwiriza yatinze kandi yatanze isoko nziza kugirango isoko rya e-itabi ryamamare.Mu Bushinwa, igitekerezo kirekire cyo gushyira mu bikorwa itabi rya e-itabi nk'ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki by’abaguzi ryahaye “ijuru ryohereje amahirwe” yo kuzamuka vuba mu nganda zikora itabi.Iyi ni nayo mpamvu ituma abayirwanya bafata inganda za e-itabi nk "inganda zijimye zambaye umwenda w’inganda za elegitoroniki".Mu myaka yashize, kubera ko impande zose zagiye zishyiraho ubwumvikane buke ku bijyanye no kuranga e-itabi nk'ibicuruzwa bishya by'itabi, Leta yihutishije umuvuduko wo kuzana e-itabi mu kugenzura inganda z’itabi.

Mu Gushyingo 2021, Inama y’igihugu yasohoye icyemezo cyo guhindura amabwiriza agenga ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’itegeko ryigenga ry’itabi rya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa, yongeraho ingingo ya 65: “Ibicuruzwa bishya by’itabi nk’itabi rya elegitoroniki bizashyirwa mu bikorwa hashingiwe ku ngingo zibishinzwe; y'aya Mabwiriza ”.Ku ya 11 Werurwe 2022, Ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe kugenzura itabi cyashyizeho kandi gitanga ingamba zo gucunga itabi rya elegitoroniki, riteganijwe gushyirwa mu bikorwa ku ya 1 Gicurasi. itabi ”.Ku ya 8 Mata 2022, Ubuyobozi bwa Leta bugenzura amasoko (Komite ishinzwe ubuziranenge) bwatanze GB 41700-2022 ku rwego rw’igihugu ku gahato ku itabi rya elegitoroniki, rikubiyemo ahanini: icya mbere, gusobanura neza ibisobanuro by’itabi rya elegitoroniki, aerosole n’andi magambo ajyanye nayo;Icya kabiri, shyira imbere amahame asabwa mugushushanya itabi rya elegitoronike no guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo;Icya gatatu, shyira ahagaragara tekiniki zisobanutse kubikoresho bya elegitoroniki, itomisiyo no kurekura, hanyuma utange uburyo bwo gukora ibizamini;Icya kane ni uguteganya ibimenyetso n'amabwiriza y'ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki.

Urebye ingorane zifatika mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano mashya hamwe n’ibisabwa byumvikana by’abakinnyi bafite isoko, inzego zibishinzwe zashyizeho igihe cyinzibacyuho cyo guhindura politiki (kizarangira ku ya 30 Nzeri 2022).Mu gihe cyinzibacyuho, ibigo bikora n’ibikorwa bya e-itabi birashobora gukomeza gukora ibikorwa by’umusaruro n’ibikorwa, kandi bigomba gusaba impushya zijyanye no gusuzuma ibicuruzwa bijyanye n’ibisabwa na politiki bijyanye, gukora igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibicuruzwa, byuzuye guhindura ibicuruzwa, no gufatanya ninzego zubutegetsi zibishinzwe gukora ubugenzuzi.Muri icyo gihe, abashoramari b'ubwoko bwose ntibemerewe gushora imari mu mishinga mishya ya e-itabi n'inganda zikora kugeza ubu;Ibicuruzwa n’ibikorwa bya e-itabi bihari ntibishobora kubaka cyangwa kwagura ubushobozi bw’umusaruro by'agateganyo, kandi ntibishobora gushyiraho ahacururizwa e-itabi mu gihe gito.

Nyuma y’inzibacyuho, ibigo by’ibicuruzwa n’ibikorwa bya e-gasegereti bigomba gukora ibikorwa by’umusaruro n’ibikorwa hakurikijwe amategeko agenga monopole y’itabi ya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa, amabwiriza agenga ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’itegeko ryigenga ry’itabi rya Repubulika y’abaturage. y'Ubushinwa, ingamba zo gucunga e-itabi n'ibipimo by'igihugu kuri e-itabi.

Ku ruhererekane rw'ibikorwa bimaze kuvugwa, benshi mu bucuruzi babajijwe bagaragaje ko bumva kandi ko bashyigikiye, bakavuga ko bafite ubushake bwo gufatanya kugira ngo bashobore kubahiriza ibisabwa.Muri icyo gihe, muri rusange bemeza ko inganda zizasezera ku iterambere ryihuse kandi zigatangira inzira y’iterambere risanzwe kandi rihamye.Niba ibigo bifuza gusangira cake yisoko ryigihe kizaza, bagomba gutuza no gushora imari mubushakashatsi niterambere, umurimo mwiza no kuranga, kuva "gushaka amafaranga byihuse" kugeza gukora amafaranga meza kandi meza.

Ikoranabuhanga rya Benwu ni kimwe mu bice bya mbere by’inganda za e-itabi zabonye uruhushya rw’inganda zikora monopoliya mu Bushinwa.Umuyobozi mukuru w’uru ruganda, Lin Jiayong, mu kiganiro yagiranye n’ubucuruzi bw’Ubushinwa yavuze ko gushyiraho politiki y’amabwiriza bivuze ko isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu rifite ubushobozi bukomeye rizafungurwa.Raporo ijyanye n’ubujyanama bw’itangazamakuru rya AI, ivuga ko mu 2020, abakoresha e-itabi ry’Abanyamerika bagize umubare munini w’abanywa itabi, bangana na 13%.Yakurikiwe n'Ubwongereza 4.2%, Ubufaransa 3.1%.Mu Bushinwa, imibare ni 0,6% gusa.Ati: “Dukomeje kwigirira icyizere ku nganda no ku isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu.”Lin Jiayong ati.

Nka sosiyete nini ku isi ikora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ya elegitoroniki, Smallworld imaze guhanga amaso inyanja nini yubururu yo kuvura, ubwiza nibindi.Vuba aha, iyi sosiyete yatangaje ko yasinyanye amasezerano y’ubufatanye na Porofeseri Liu Jikai wo mu ishuri rya farumasi rya kaminuza nkuru y’Amajyepfo y’Abanyamahanga kugira ngo bakore ubushakashatsi kandi batezimbere ibicuruzwa bishya by’ubuzima binini bikikije imiti ya atome, imiti y’ubuvuzi gakondo y’Abashinwa, kwisiga no kwita ku ruhu.Umuntu bireba ushinzwe SIMORE mpuzamahanga yabwiye umunyamakuru wa mbere w’imari ko mu rwego rwo gukomeza ibyiza bya tekiniki mu rwego rwa atomisiyoneri no gucukumbura aho ikoreshwa rya tekinoloji ya atomisiyasi mu buvuzi n’ubuzima, isosiyete iteganya kongera R & D ishoramari kugera kuri miliyari 1.68 mu 2022, birenze umubare w’imyaka itandatu ishize.

Chen Ping yabwiye kandi imari ya mbere ko politiki nshya yo kugenzura ari nziza ku mishinga ifite imbaraga zo gukora akazi keza mu bicuruzwa, kubaha uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge kandi ifite ibyiza byo kuranga.Nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa ku mugaragaro urwego rw’igihugu, uburyohe bwa e-itabi buzagarukira gusa ku buryohe bw’itabi, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutuma igabanuka ry’igihe gito ry’igurisha, ariko rikaziyongera buhoro buhoro mu bihe biri imbere.Ati: "Nuzuye ibyifuzo ku isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu kandi niteguye kongera ishoramari muri R&D n'ibikoresho."